The Shamisen is a traditional Japanese three-stringed instrument known for its distinctive sound and versatility. Originating in Japan in the 16th century, the Shamisen has become an integral part of various forms of Japanese music, from classical performances to folk songs. Its long neck and square body, coupled with the use of a large plectrum called Bachi, give the Shamisen its unique sound, making it an essential element in Japanese cultural performances.
What is the Shamisen?
The Shamisen is a traditional Japanese instrument with three strings stretched over a long neck and a square body. The body is typically covered with animal skin, such as cat or dog skin, which helps amplify the sound. Players use a large plectrum known as a Bachi to strike the strings, creating a sound that is both melodic and percussive. The sound of the Shamisen is characterized by a buzzing resonance called sawari, which adds to its rich, complex tone.
Features of the Shamisen
One of the most distinctive features of the Shamisen is its sawari sound. The first string touches a small groove on the instrument’s neck, creating a buzzing vibration that gives the Shamisen its unique timbre. The instrument has three strings, each of a different thickness, contributing to the overall texture of its sound. The Bachi, which is used to pluck the strings, was originally modeled after the plectrum used for the Biwa (Japanese lute), adding a percussive element to the performance.
History of the Shamisen
The Shamisen originated from the Sanxian, a similar three-stringed instrument from China, which made its way to Japan through the Ryukyu Islands (modern-day Okinawa). In Japan, the instrument was adapted and modified into what we now know as the Shamisen. The first people to play the Shamisen were the Biwa priests, who transitioned from the Biwa to the Shamisen due to its wider tonal range. Over time, the Shamisen became a popular instrument among the common people, particularly during the Edo period (1603–1868), when it was used in various forms of traditional entertainment.
Types of Shamisen
There are several types of Shamisen, which vary based on the thickness of the neck and the type of music they are used for:
- Hosozao (Thin Neck): The thin-necked Shamisen is commonly used in Nagauta music, which accompanies Kabuki performances. It produces a high-pitched sound ideal for supporting vocals and dance.
- Chuzao (Medium Neck): This type is used in Jōruri, a narrative style of music. The medium neck provides a balanced sound that supports both singing and spoken storytelling.
- Futozao (Thick Neck): The thick-necked Shamisen is used in Tsugaru Shamisen and other folk music styles. It produces a deep, resonant sound, and its heavy neck allows for percussive playing techniques.
Traditional Japanese Performing Arts Using the Shamisen
The Shamisen is an integral part of various traditional Japanese performing arts, each showcasing the instrument’s versatility:
Jōruri / Ningyō Jōruri (Puppet Theater)
Jōruri is a form of storytelling that involves narrators (Tayu) and Shamisen accompaniment. It later developed into Ningyō Jōruri, or puppet theater, where the Shamisen plays a vital role in setting the scene and providing dramatic emphasis.
Kabuki
In Kabuki, one of Japan’s most famous theater forms, the Shamisen is used in Nagauta, a form of musical accompaniment that enhances the action on stage. The Shamisen’s sharp, rhythmic playing punctuates key moments in the drama, adding emotional depth.
Sokyoku (Koto Music)
Sokyoku is the music played with the Koto, often in ensemble with the Shamisen. This form of music became popular in the Edo period, blending the sounds of both instruments in intimate settings.
Jiuta (Songs from the Kansai Region)
Jiuta is a genre of Shamisen music that originated in the Kansai region. It is played in more informal settings, such as living rooms or tea houses, and is known for its lyrical melodies.
Rōkyoku (Narrative Songs)
Rōkyoku is a form of storytelling through singing, with the Shamisen providing the main accompaniment. The Shamisen helps narrate stories by creating an engaging musical backdrop.
Folk Songs
The Shamisen is frequently used in Japanese folk songs, especially in regional celebrations and festivals. The Matsuri Shamisen (festival Shamisen) adds energy to lively events.
Tsugaru Shamisen
The Tsugaru Shamisen, from the Tsugaru region of northern Japan, is one of the most dynamic styles of Shamisen music. It is characterized by its fast tempo, complex rhythms, and percussive playing techniques. The Tsugaru Shamisen uses a Futozao and is performed with vigorous, improvisational flair.
Differences Between the Shamisen and the Biwa
While the Shamisen and the Biwa are both string instruments played with a plectrum, they have several key differences. The Biwa typically has four or five strings and a shorter neck, while the Shamisen has three strings and a longer neck. The plectrum for the Biwa is much larger and shaped differently from the Bachi used for the Shamisen. Additionally, the Biwa is known for its deeper, more resonant tone, whereas the Shamisen has a brighter, more percussive sound.
Differences Between the Shamisen and the Sanshin
The Sanshin is the Okinawan precursor to the Shamisen. Both instruments share similar origins, but the Sanshin is smaller, and its body is covered with snake skin (usually python), while the Shamisen uses animal hide. The Sanshin has a more delicate sound, often associated with Okinawan folk music, while the Shamisen is louder and more versatile.
Modern Shamisen Players
Several modern Shamisen players are helping to popularize the instrument around the world:
- Hiromitsu Agatsuma: A well-known Tsugaru Shamisen player, Agatsuma has blended traditional Shamisen music with modern genres such as jazz and rock, attracting a global audience.
- Yoshida Brothers: The Yoshida Brothers are famous for their innovative approach to Shamisen playing, blending traditional techniques with modern styles to create a unique sound that has captivated international audiences.
